Sexual Assault And Sexual Harassment - 1841 Words

Bohmer Parrot (1993) co-authored the â€Å"Campus Sexual Assault Victim’s Bill of Rights Act of 1991.† This act was signed into law in 1992. This book in a continuation of what still needs to be done to prevent sexual assault and sexual harassment on college campuses. This book covers why college institutions handle sexual assault poorly and the consequence of their negligence. To do this subject justice they focus on the following questions: 1. What is the definition of sexual assault? 2. How often, who and where do sexual assaults happen? 3. What is the typical response from college campuses? 4. What are the consequences of the campuses response? 5. What are some possible solutions to sexual assaults in college campuses? This review of Sexual Assault on Campus focus on these questions. Bohmer Parrot (1993) explain how definitions to labels like sexual assault and sexual harassment are used interchangeable on many campuses. There is no universal definition to these labels in college campus across the country. Bohmer Parrot (1993) explain that generally sexual assault is defined as â€Å"all forms of unwanted sexual activity†, deviate sexual intercourse is anal or oral sex, acquaintance rape is rape in which â€Å"the victim and the assailant know each other†, and sexual harassment is â€Å"sexual activity that is related to abuse of power† . The problem, however, lies when college administration uses these terms interchangeably and have only one policy for any sexual misconduct.Show MoreRelatedSexual Assault And Sexual Harassment1251 Words   |  6 Pagesand left, trained to stay there regardless of what may happen. A special bond develops when leaders live their lives following the fundamentals of leadership.†-- SMA Glen E. Morrell Today, sexual assault and sexual harassment continues to occur throughout the Army. The effects of sexual assault and harassment can be psychological, emotional, and/or physical. Some of the effects victims may experience is depression, anxiety, PTSD, or even suicide. Occurrences of these events is harmful to the moraleRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Harassment1322 Words   |  6 Pagescombat, many still oppose this decision. Many Combat jobs have very strict requirements, such as physical abilities. There are many concerns of women being able to fulfill these types of requirements. Another big concern is the risk of sexual assault and sexual harassment, many people feel that women in combat jobs are at a higher risk of being subjected to these types of things. The safety of our soldiers whether male or female is a big concern for everybody, no matter their position on this particularRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Harassment1873 Words   |  8 Pagesco-authored The Campus Sexual Assault Victim’s Bill of Rights Act of 1991. President George H. W. Bush signed this act was signed into law in 1992. This book in a continuation of what still needs to be done to prevent sexual assault and sexual harassment on college campuses. This book covers why college institutions handle sexual assault poorly and the consequence of their negligence. To do this subject justice they focus on the following questions: 1. What is the definition of sexual assault? 2. How oftenRead MoreSexual Assault And Harassment Incidents Essay1877 Words   |  8 Pageslist of sexual assault and harassment incidents. Now the question is if you report the incident that happened to you, who would you report it to? A student has two options of reporting: to report the incident to the police and go through the judicial system or to go through the school’s trial system. Two terms that often get confused are sexual harassment and sexual assault. The Department of Defense defines sexual harassment as â€Å"a form of sexual discrimination that involves unwelcome sexual advancesRead MoreThe Perception of Sexual Assault Harassment800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Perception of Sexual Assault Harassment Sexual harassment and sexual assault is nothing new to the modern world. Though the aspect of sexual assault and harassment has existed since the dawn of time. Cavemen would club their selected mate and have their way with them. It wasn’t until the early 1980s that it became more pronounced as immoral and derogatory. Though some may say that certain acts, gestures, jokes, songs, or even quote do not fall under anything worth mentioning, it all boils downRead MoreSexual Harassment And Assault Response Prevention1072 Words   |  5 PagesSexual Harassment and Assault Response Prevention (SHARP) Sexual Harassment and Assault Prevention (SHARP) is a going problem in the military and the world. The reason why SHARP is on the increase is that people are starting to report it. When SHARP first appeared in the many military people did not know how to report it. It is important that all soldiers and the civilians know the process how to report SHARP. According to the SHARP guide book Sexual Harassment is â€Å"Sexual Harassment is a form ofRead MoreSexual Harassment : A Type Of Physical Assault2045 Words   |  9 PagesSexual Harassment, a type of physical assault that can happen to any age group and any gender. Sexual Harassment has been around for many years, yet was not classified as a major situation until a couple years back. Sure, women are usually the main target for this type of harassment, but have has been many cases of men and younger boys being sexually harassed too. Sexual harassment does not only affect a person’s emotional development, but the external actions of the victim. Sexual harassment isRead MoreGender, Sexual, And Sexual Harassment And Assault Response And Prevention1997 Words   |  8 PagesOfficers (NCO) Army wide. These challenges include the potential increase in gender discrimination, sexual harassment and sexual assaults. NCOs will have to rely on their ability to implement the Core Leader Competencies (Leads, Develops and Achieves) to ensure the successful integration of women. The greatest challenge will be in developing cohesive teams while ensuring the Army’s Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention (SHARP) program is successfully implemented. This will require developingRead MoreSexual Harassment And Assault Response Preventative Program1104 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout life there are people and thi ngs that we compare ourselves to. When it comes to my professional career there is a person that I hold as my standard. Nichol Dwyer is a SHARP (Sexual Harassment/Assault Response Preventative Program) advocate on Fort Drum. Her passion and hard work in the Social Work field are an inspiration to me. Nichol knew that she wanted to be a Social Worker as a young child. While all of her friends had dreams to become teachers, doctors and celebrities Nichol alwaysRead MoreImpact of Gender on Reactions to Military Sexual Assault and Harassment700 Words   |  3 PagesMilitary Sexual Assault and Harassment Date of article: February 2014 Author(s): Margret E. Bell, Jessica A. Turchik, Julie A. Karpenko Source (Please attach copy of article): Bell, M., Turchik, J., Karpenko, J. (2014). Impact of Gender on Reactions to Military Sexual Assault and Harassment. Health Social Work, 39(1), 25-33. ARTICLE SUMMARY: Social Workers have a need to advance an understanding of working with veterans especially women affected by the concerns of sexual assault and harassment

The State Of Wyoming Permits - 1420 Words

The state of Wyoming permits the first law in the country granting women over the age 21 the right to vote. Subsequently assembly the Union in 1890s, it turns into the first state to permit women the right to vote in elections, though in 1887, Kansas permitted women to vote in elections. The colonies embrace the English system of property ownership for married women, implication women cannot own assets in their own name or keep a type of profit. By early 1900s, all states will have accepted legislation sculpted after New York’s Married Women’s Property Act (1848), which grants married women the right to keep their own earnings and to own land in their own term. First Women’s Rights Convention was held in 1848. Approximately 300 activists†¦show more content†¦Variances over the 13-15th Amendments and the connection between women’s suffrage and the measure for racial equality split the women’s rights movement between two organizations: The Na tional Woman Suffrage Association and The American Woman Suffrage Association. The adversaries will unite in 1890 to system the National American Women’s Suffrage Association. Women from both parties knew that in order to stay strong and win rights, is to combine and hold hands with each other the whole process without fighting. The Territory of Wyoming passes the first law in the country granting women over age 21 the right to vote. Later joining the Union in 1890, Wyoming becomes the first state to let women the right to vote in all polls, yet in 1887, Kansas let women to vote in municipal elections. Women knew every step to success in their goals is to have a domino effect. One state will start off and every other state will end up granting equal rights to both genders, therefore more support from more women from different states means support overall. A federal law that let female federal workers equal pay and equal work is passed. Even though it was passed, it was leaving out majority of female workers who work for private corporations and or state and local governments until the adoption of the Equal Pay Act in 1963. Many holes where made and sealed but in

Bridging the gulf Essay Example For Students

Bridging the gulf Essay The relationship between a grantmaker and a grantseeker can never be equal. One is the benefactor, the other the supplicant. One holds the purse strings, the other wants to loosen them. But recently, that relationship has become more distancedand sometimes almost adversarial. A recent study of foundation and corporate arts funding commissioned by Grantmakers in the Arts and conducted by the Foundation Center, observed: The relationship between nonprofit arts organizations and the funding sources on which they depend has been the subject of much debate during the past two years, largely as a result of two major developments: a) fiscal and organizational instability faced by the arts groups, and b) political attacks on the content of the artists visual and performing works. The heated nature of the debate has contributed to a general impression that a vast and perhaps unbridgeable gulf has emerged between the artists and their funders, both governmental and philanthropic. While the study ultimately found that there is much agreement, differences did emerge on some issues, and opinion and action often do not seem to mesh. We will write a custom essay on Bridging the gulf specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is growing concern throughout the theatre community, for example, that segments of the philanthropic community are reallocating grant dollars to fund special initiatives such as education and community outreach programs, and abandoning support for artistic development, production seasons and infrastructure. The recent controversies surrounding government arts funding may be one reason private foundation and corporate grantmakers are growing more cautious and choosing increasingly to earmark funds for specific projectsespecially projects that have a social service focus. But this trend, coupled with the decline in public funding from federal, state and local sources, could serve to marginalize the arts in philanthropyand some feel it raises the disturbing prospect of the further marginalization of the arts in American society as a whole. Grantmakers and theatres urgently need to enter into a constructive dialogue to explore these issues if the theatre is to survive and flourish. Following are some questions that might begin such a dialogue: * Only a few private funding sources are supporting theatre nationally today. Why have many grantmakers reduced or eliminated their arts funding programs? How can theatres$make a convincing argument for support of the arts? * According to TCGs latest Theatre Facts report (published in the April issue of this magazine), foundation giving to theatres increased an impressive 22 percent in 1993, but closer scrutiny reveals that half of all foundation funds went to just 16 percent of the theatres studied, and 42 percent of the theatres reported declines in 1993 foundation giving. Should there be a more broad-based distribution of funds among theatres? Should more theatres be brought to the funding table even if it means that there is less for everyone? * In the Foundation Center survey, 61 percent of the grantmakers and 93 percent of the grantseekers agreed that unrestricted operating support is the most critical need of arts organizations, yet operating support is increasingly difficult to obtain. What can be done to encourage more funders to consider supporting this basic need? * It appears that many grants are available for special funder-initiated programs, but these programs may not always be organic to a theatres mission. How can theatres avoid the dangers of grant-driven art? How can they resist self-censorship and avoid the will-it-make-a-good-application (or art by guidelines) syndrome? * Currently, many grantmakers emphasize education programs and community outreach services. How can theatres make the case that while education and outreach programs are absolutely integral to their work, these programs can exist only if the theatres central mission and operations are financially viable? How can effective arguments be made for supporting artistic development? .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c , .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .postImageUrl , .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c , .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:hover , .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:visited , .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:active { border:0!important; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:active , .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa095d0d3a6d3ec6ade4ed272ad9387c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: For nonprofits, budget offers plusses: but endowment reauthorization is still pending Essay* Responding to Americas increasing cultural diversity has become a priority for many funding agencies, as well as for many theatres. Yet there are those who argue that some grantmaking in this area has inadvertently served to divide, rather than bring to-gether, various multicultural and ethnic-specific theatres. How might theatres and grantmakers both be more sensitive to the impact of funding programs that promote cultural diversity? * While grant-seekers hope for grantmakers to be sensitive to their needs, the arts community has little understanding of the policies and directives guiding grantmakers. How can theatres be better informed about what is taking place in foundation and corporate board rooms today? How are grant programs developed? To what extent do funding criteria emphasize artistic quality? The size and scope of audience served? Financial need? * Some foundations and corporations have recently begun placing greater emphasis on evaluation and systems of accountability. Why has this trend come about, and how can theatres be better prepared to fulfill the additional requirements? There is no doubt that the gulf between grantmakers and grantseekers is widening. Our ability to engage in a constructive dialogue with funders without biting the hand that feeds us in the process may well determine the future economic and artistic viability of the nonprofit professional theatre in America. There will be no easy answers, but it is time to contemplate the questions.

Harry Brod Essay Example

Harry Brod Paper With feinism being an ever present issue in today’s society, this project aims to analyse male reception and resistance to feminism in order establish to what extent men can be involved with it. To do this, facilitating as well and hindering factors have also been examined. Many feminist authors and critics have been utilised in order to answer whether men can ever call themselves feminists. It has therefore also been vital to consult the stances of anti-feminist groups so as to ensure a balanced look at the issue. Extensive research was also carried out into the psychology of ambivalent sexism as well as that of anti-feminism, with a look at the role of masculinity. Finally, integrative movements such as the recent He for She campaign have been considered for its work in engaging men in feminism. Introduction There are many ideas behind the actual theory of feminism and this therefore divides feminists into three main schools of thought regarding the subject these include; Radical, Marxist and Liberal Feminism, all of which agree on one thing which is the advocacy of womens rights in economic, social and domestic settings. We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Brod specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Brod specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Brod specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The idea is therefore to place women at the same position that men have allegedly held for centuries thus promoting equality Feminism It is widely agreed upon that the beginning of the movement was in the mid to late 19th century as the groups such as The Womens Suffrage formed to campaign for the suffrage and rights of women. However, the pivotal point in feminist history came after the active involvement of women in the efforts for the Second World War. By the 1960s men had to make a decision on Feminism, they could ignore it and retire to the past ideals of male entitlement, completely reject it and fight against it or alternatively actively support it alongside the masses of female supporters. Men versus Feminism allies or enemies? The first and definitely the most difficult problem men had with feminism and still do, is that it isnt directly about them and as a result it becomes a major task for them to engage with it in a positive way. Feminism is only designed to affect women and contribute towards womens struggles and issues. One argument supporting the inclusion of men in the feminist conversation is that through the exclusion of men from the movement is defined as exclusively a female struggle, which could be argued to be sexist in it. This theory thus demonstrates that men must share the burden of the struggle to end sexism against women; otherwise feminism will find itself mirroring the very sexism it strives to eliminate. [1] However, in recent times it has become more and more popular among womens groups, to accommodate and incorporate constructive male viewpoints into the discussion. This has in turn eliminated some of the hostility between female feminists and men. A major example of this is the He for She campaign which was founded in September, 2014. It is a solidarity movement for gender equality initiated by UN women; it aims to engage men and boys as forces for change through feminism. Another issue that men face is the ambiguity of their position within feminism, therefore it becomes unclear how much they are required to contribute to the cause. However in many cases female feminists are only open to listening to the contributions of women as they are the ones directly affected by the discriminatory practices of sexism. Some feminists however, disagree and align themselves more with the argument that sexism towards women is just as maladaptive to men as it alienates them from roles in society most commonly associated with women, for example single fathers are perceived as less competent within the rigid boundaries of what Raewyn Connell has coined hegemonic masculinity. [2] In the early 1970s however a countermove to feminism was started for mens rights, it claimed that feminism had gone too far and had begun to negatively affect the lives of many men as a result. The mens liberation movement acknowledged the enormous gap in power that existed between men and women in society but by the late 1970s the movement found itself divided into two separate groups and adopted opposing views : The pro-feminist mens movement and The anti-feminist mens rights movement. The latter then completely rejected feminist principles and focused on promoting tradition gender relations and roles. In the following decades, men’s liberation activists began actively discouraging societal changes promoted by feminists. One thing that limits the amount of collaboration between the sexes regarding feminism is the common confusion between the biologically assigned male sex and the image of masculinity promoted by society. Therefore, a problem arises from the assignment of rigid gender roles to sexes and thus affording men privileges of which women are deprived. [3] In light of suggestions by Harry Brod that to study men is to study masculinity, however it is evident that in many cases studies of masculinity as well as the male experience, particularly those conducted by men often fail to acknowledge masculinity and their own part in expression of masculinity as a problem (Cynthia Cockburn). This reveals the ways in which this obsession with maintaining masculinity is detrimental not only to gender relation in general social interaction but also on a larger scale in perpetuating the patriarchy. [4] [5] Resistance Many men look at feminism like they would do religious extremism. Both sections of society typically involve both fanatical ideologies and attempt to impose their view of the world on to the people around them. Many men who oppose the movement claim to simply want assurance that its goal is gender equality rather than social ascension for women through the simultaneous oppression of men. Most perceive feminism as the sole movement that is responsible for the increased marginalisation of men and boys in society and the erosion of their legal rights. Men see feminism as a movement that places the interests of women above the interests well above that of women. A movement for female supremacy and essentially of matriarchy propaganda . Of course feminists, in response argue that not all feminists believe this and the vast majority of examples of criticisms are merely the rhetoric of minorities which dont represent the wider community of feminism. However, to the opposition there still appears to be a systematic hate aimed at men.

2pac Flaws Essays

2pac Flaws Essays 2pac Flaws Essay 2pac Flaws Essay Tupac Shakur the Tragic figure Tupac was born in New York City, where he attended a prestigious Baltimore School of the Arts as a teenager that helped him launch his tragic career. Later on moved to Oakland California were the gangster rap started. He started out as a second-string rapper and dancer for Digital Underground, joining only after they had already landed their biggest hit. . By 1994, 2Pac rivaled Snoop Dogg as the most controversial figure in rap, spending as much time in prison as he did in the recording studio. Shakur has become a legend in hip-hop and rap circles for his talent, his violent behavior, and his brutal death. Tupac Shakur to millions of people was either a poet, a MC, a rapper, movie star or just a public menace or figure; to me he was a tragic symbol. Although Tupac became wealthy and famous during the time he either live or wasn’t in jail, Tupac lived a tragic life. Like any other human Tupac had flaws. He seems to be living up to his aggressive gangster rap image with several arrests for violent offenses in the 1990’s. Tupac himself was a victim to violence, getting shot five times in the lobby of a recording studio during a mugging. As a rapper he never let anything let go he always had something to say back and the fans loved it, as he said himself, because of my big mouth. Tupac had become involved in a feud between East Coast and West Coast rappers. He was known to insult his enemies on his tracks.

The Aztec Empire history research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Aztec Empire history - Research Paper Example The primary source of their lifestyle and history about the Aztec civilization is gathered from the archaeological evidences which are found from the excavations of the famous Temple Mayor, situated in the Mexico City. Many other evidences are also gathered from the codices of indigenous bark papers and record of the direct eyewitness of people who came as Spanish conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes and Bernal Diaz del Castillo. Apart from this, the account recorded by the Spanish clergymen pertaining to the description of the Aztec culture and civilization during the 16th and the 17th century forms a valuable document in this regard. The literate Aztecs who received enlightenment in Spanish and Nahuatl language also contributed much to the formation of Aztec history through their valuable documentation of their knowledge with the help of indigenous Aztec informants. The renowned book named Florentine Codex, which is a well documented compilation done by the Franciscan monk Bernardin o de Sahagun and was formatted with the help of the indigenous Aztec informants stands out to be the most valuable text captivating the history of the Aztec empire (Berdan 1982). The Aztec Empire: Origin, Formation and the Rise to Power The word ‘Aztec’ originated from the Nahuatl word â€Å"people from Aztlan†, which means a mythological place for the Nahuatl speaking contemporary people, belonging to the culture of that time. The Aztec empire originated as a tribute empire which is based in Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan had an extension of its power throughout the vast region of Mesoamerica during the latter half of the post-classic period (Smith 2001, pp. 250-252). Aztec Empire was formed in the year 1427 and it was formed as an alliance between three ‘city – states’ of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan. These three ‘city – states’ actually formed an alliance between them to defeat the Tepanec state of  Azcapotzalco whic h dominated the region within the Basin of Mexico for a long time. Within a very short span of time, the ‘city-states’ of Texcoco and Tlacopan were subverted as junior partners in the alliance which was headed by the Mexica of Tenochtitlan (Smith 1997, pp. 49-58). Through a great combination of trade and military annexation, the empire never exercised its control through military quest and aggression rather it took a very subtle strategy under which it tried to control the client states by implementing marital alliance with them by extending imperial ideology between the ruling dynasties and the client states of the empire (Smith 1997, pp. 174-175). Client states paid homage to the Aztec state through an economic strategy bearing the name Huey Tlatoani which limits the communication and trade amid the outlying polities who became dependent on the imperial central for the accumulation and quest of luxury goods (Smith 1997, pp.  176–182) The political clout of th e triple alliance extended to the far south into Mesoamerica thereby conquering the cities situated in far south like Chiapas and Guatemala. The highest extent of prosperity and annexation by the empire took place during 1519 which is chronologically marked as the year just before the

E Commerce Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E Commerce Security - Assignment Example E-commerce web applications that handle payments (electronic transactions or use of debit cards, online banking, PayPal, credit cards, or any other keepsakes) have more compliance matters stand at high, and increasing risk from interference than other websites and greater consequences arise if data gets loosed or altered. Banking services stay highly delimited, but even the least electronic retailer is pretentious to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS). Lately, this has become widely known due to improved enforcement and publicity following 2007 update to clarify and enhance requirements (Ghosh 32).  Safeguarding payment web application systems and users require a combination of technological, administrative and physical controls. Many emerging groups provide reliable security analyst facilities for organizations developing, purchasing or operating such software systems (University 13). Examples of e-commerce security projects include; threat modeling, develo pment of the security model, PCI DSS review and compliance, risk assessment and security awareness training, web site security review, web vulnerability assessment, e-commerce web penetration testing, code security review, electronic crime and Application layer firewall (a web application firewall - WAF) selection (Francesco 33).  Electronic crime, sometimes regarded to as e-crime, cybercrime or technology crime, refers to crimes which can only be committed by use of information technology such as data theft, payment fraud, and phishing. Software called CrimeWare, which can help man-in-the-middle bouts, key logging and botnets are increasingly easy to catch and deploy against relevant targets. Particularly, e-commerce websites get often seen as the "hot spots", especially by organized criminals. While some one-off attacks might be as a result of angry customers, ongoing and organized attacks are more probable to be undertaken within by staff or from outside by organized criminals. The fascination of obtaining payment card details and bank account and the fraud which may subsequently be attempted by the use of compromised data implies that e-commerce applications, like banking services, become a particularly popular target (Ghosh 43).